Monday, May 14, 2007

Pierre de Coubertin and Modern Olympic Games

Fourteen centuries after the last ancient Olympic Games, a Freach promoter of physical education, Pierre de Coubertin, who is honored as the Father of the Modern Olympic Games, resurrected the Olympic Games.
Pierre de Coubertin, whose father was an artist and mother a musician, was raised in cultivated and aristocratic surroundings from his birth in Paris in 1863. He was a very active sportsman and was good at fencing, rowing, boxing and cycling.
Coubertin had a strong belief in the importance of sports for the development of the individual. In 1892, at the age of 29, Coubertin began his campaign for the revival of the Olympics Games.
Coubertin felt that a great deal could be gained by bringing together the youth of the world in a friendly competition like the Olympic Games. He also regarded the Games as an effective way for the promotion of world peace.
Coubertin traveled the world to propagate his dream, he hoped that all countries of the world come together in the name of sport. “The important thing in life is not the victory but competing; the main thing is not to have won but to have fought well.” He said.
In 1893, Coubertin invited sportsmen from all over the world to Paris and announced his plan to resurrect the Olympics in 1896 in Athens.
After overcoming a lot of obstacles, the International Olympic Committee(IOC)was founded on June 23,1894 in Paris. At the first conference of IOC, Coubertin drafted the first IOC Charter and established the structure of the Olympic Movement.
In 1896, thanks to the great efforts of Pierre de Coubertin and other contributors, the first Modern Olympic Games were held in Greece--the country of their birth.
Coubertin strongly believed that sport was the springboard for moral energy. It was this conviction that led him to announce at the age of 31 that he wanted to revive the Olympic Games. Nobody really believed that he would be successful and his statement was greeted with little enthusiasm.
However, Coubertin was not discouraged and on 23 June, 1894 he finally founded the International Olympic Committee(IOC) in Paris. Demetrius Vikelas from Greece became the first president of the IOC.
Two years later, in 1896, the first Modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece. The Greek nation and the whole world embraced their revival and once again turned them into the greatest celebration on earth.
King George I of Greece proclaimed the opening of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. Nearly three thousand years later the Olympics went home again, home to Greece, where they originated in 776 BC, home to Athens, where the modern Olympics began in 1896.
During the first Modern Olympic Games, Coubertin was elected the second president of the IOC and he remained this position until 1925. Due to the 1st World War, Coubertin requested permission to establish the headquarters of the IOC in Lausanne, Switzerland, which was a neutral country.
In 1922, the headquarters of IOC and the Museum collections were moved to the Villa Mon Repos in Lausanne and stayed there for the next years.
Each Olympic Games views the interpretation of Coubertin's ideals under specific historical conditions. He served as President of the IOC from 1896 to 1925. During this period the member countries of IOC increased from 14 to 45.
Coubertin withdrew from the IOC and the Olympic Movement in 1925, and devoted himself to his pedagogical work, which he named as his "unfinished symphony".
At the age of 69, in 1931, Coubertin published his"Olympic Memoirs" in which he emphasized the intellectual and philosophcal nature of his enterprise and his wish to "place the role of the IOC, right from the start, very much above that of a simple sports association".
Pierre de Coubertin died of a heart attack on 2 September, 1937, in a park in Geneva,and thus his "symphony" remained unfinished. Coubertin still continues to be remembered as the Father of the Modern Olympic Games.
According to Coubertin's wishes, his body was buried in Lausanne, Switzerland, the headquarters of the IOC, and his heart was buried inside a stele under the Olympia Mountain, overlooking the site of the ancient Olympics.
The Pierre de Coubertin Medal(also known as the De Coubertin Medal or the True Spirit of Sportsmanship Medal)is a special medal given by the IOC to the athletes who demonstrate the spirit of sportsmanship in Olympic events. The medal was named in honor of Pierre de Coubertin, the father of the modern Olympic Games.
The Pierre de Coubertin Medal is considered by many athletes and spectators to be the highest award that an Olympic athlete can receive, even greater than a gold medal of Olympic Games. The IOC also considers it as its highest honor.
The first modern Olympic Games were opened in the first week of April 1896, but at that time the Greek government had been unable to fund construction of a stadium.
Georgios Averoff, a wealthy Greek architect, donated one million drachmas(over $100,000) to restore the Panathenaic Stadium which originally built in 330 BC with white marble for the Olympic Games.
Some contenders were tourists who happened to be in the area during the first Morden Olympic Games. Athletes wore their athletic club uniform rather than a national team one.
Pole vaulting, sprints, shot put, weight lifting, swimming, cycling, target shooting, tennis, marathon and gymnastics were all events at the first Morden Olympic Games.
The swimming events of the first Modern Olympic Games were held in the Bay of Zea in the Aegean Sea. Approximately 300 athletes participated, representing thirteen countries.

The history of Ancient Olympics

As in the daytime there is no star in the sky warmer and brighter than the sun, likewise there is no competition greater than the Olympic Games.
Nobody knows exactly that how far back the Olympic Games go, while the history of the ancient Olympic Games can be traced back over 3,000 years to ancient Greece.
In ancient Greece, sports played a very important role in people’s life. The ancient Olympic Games have a history of over 3,000 years, and colorful religious meanings.
In ancient Greece, contests of athletic were regarded as a way to show the respects to their gods, especially Zeus.
As Greece became a more important country, the cities started holding a large festival as asign of unity. Finally they chose a place called olympia to hold the festival, partly because of its religious temples. Olympia was the site of the first recorded ancient olimpics, and was worshiped with the phrase"a healthy mind in a healthy body".
In 884 BC, the king of Elis reached a treaty with the kings of several other city states to hold regular athletic contests and to fulfill the “sacred truce”. That meant that there were no wars in the Greek world for as long as the games were on. Athletes and spectators can travel safely to and from the Games.
The first recorded ancient Olympics were held in Olympia in 776 BC, and had only one event, a race of about two hundred yards. A cook named Coroebus won the sprint race, a race of about 210 yards, and he became the first listed champion of the ancient Olympic Games.
Early Olympics each lasted between one and three days, but from about 400 BC, the festival was a full five days as more and more events were added into the Games.
Many of events held in ancient Olympic Games are still held today, such as running races, javelin, discus throws, wrestling and boxing, and some other events no longer exist now, including chariot racing and contests only for boys.
There are many differences between ancient Olympic Games and modern Games. Fewer events were held in ancient Olympic Games, and only free men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of athletes from any country. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete.
Thousands of people gathered from all parts of Greece to watch the ancient Olympic Games, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. The ancient Olympic Games were always held at Olympia instead of moving around to different sites every time like modern Olympic Games.
Like the modern Olympic Games, winning athletes of ancient Olympic Games were heros who put their home towns on the map, but there were no medals, cash prizes or prizes in goods for the winners, they would only get a simple wreath of wild olive.
During 1,000 years after the first "official" ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC, Greece came under Roman rule. Eventually, in 394 AD, A Roman emperor Theodosius II halted the Olympic Games for some warring areas no longer observed a truce.
About a century after 394 AD, earthquakes turned Olympia, the historic area, into ruins. The ancient Olympic Games have to be ceased after a long history about 1,200 years.